நவக்கிரஹ ஸ்லோகம்
சூரிய காயத்ரி
அஸ்வத் வஜாய வித்மஹே! பத்மஹஸ்தாய தீமஹி!
தந்நோ சூர்ய ப்ரசோதயாத் !!
சந்திர காயத்ரி
நிசாகராய வித்மஹே! கலாநாதாய தீமஹி!!
தந்நோ ஸ்சந்த்ர ப்ரசோதயாத்!!
அங்காரக காய்த்ரீ
அங்காரகாய வித்மஹே! பூமி பாலாய தீமஹி!1
தந்நோ குஜ ப்ரசோதயாத்!!
புத காயத்ரீ
ஆத்ரேயாய வித்மஹே! இந்து புத்ராய தீமஹி!!
தந்நோ புத ப்ரசோதயாத்!!
குரு காயத்ரி
ஆங்கீரஸாய வித்மஹே! சராசார்யாய தீமஹி!!
தந்நோ குரு ப்ரசோதயாத்!!
சுக்கிர காயத்ரி
ராஜதாபாய வித்மஹே! ப்ருகு கதாய தீமஹி!!
தந்நோ சுக்ர ப்ரசோதயாத்!!
சனி காயத்ரி
பங்கு பாதாய வித்மஹே! சூர்ய புத்ராயா தீமஹி!!
தந்நோமந்த ப்ரசோதயாத்!!
ராகு காயத்ரி
ஸூக தந்தாய வித்மஹே! உக்ரரூபாய தீமஹி!!
தந்நோ ராகு ப்ரசோதயாத்!!
கேது காயத்ரி
சிதர வர்ணாய வித்மஹே! ஸர்பரூபாய தீமஹி!!
தந்நோ கேது ப்ரசோதயாத்!!
Sunday, October 24, 2010
NAVAGRAHA PRARTHANA
ஸூர்ய நமஸ்காரம் சூரிய வணக்கம்
ஜபா குஸூம ஸங்காசம் சீலமாய் வாழச் சீரருள் புரியும்
காச்யபேயம் மஹாத்யுதிம்! ஞாலம் புகழும், ஞாயிறே போற்றி
தமோரிம் ஸ்ர்வ பாபக்னம் சூரியா போற்றி, சுதந்திரா போற்றி
ப்ரணதோ (அ) ஸ்மி திவாகரம் !! வீரியா போற்றி, வினைகள் களைவாய்
சந்த்ர நமஸ்காரம் சந்திரன் வணக்கம்
ததி சங்க துஷாராபம் எங்கள் குறைகள் எல்லாம் தீர்க்கும்
ஷீரோதார்ணவஸம்பவம்! திங்களே போற்றி, திருவருள் தருவாய்
நமாமி சசினம் ஸோமம் சந்திரா போற்றி, சத்குரு போற்றி
சம்போர் மகுடபூஷணம்!! சங்கடந் தீர்ப்பாய் சதுர போற்றி
அங்காரக நமஸ்காரம் செவ்வாய் வணக்கம்
தரணீ கர்ப்ப ஸம்பூதம் சிறப்புறு மணியே செவ்வாய்த் தேவே
வித்யுத்காந்தி ஸப்ரபம் ! குறையிலா தருள்வாய் குணமுடன் வாழ
குமாரம் சக்தி ஹஸ்தம் ச மங்கள் செவ்வாய் மலரடி போற்றி
மங்களம் ப்ரணமாம் யஹம்!! அங்காரகனே அவதிகள் நீக்கு
புத நமஸ்காரம் புதன் வணக்கம்
ப்ரிங்கு கலிகா ச்யாம் இதமுற வாழ இன்னல்கள் நீக்கு
ருபேணா ப்ரதிமம் புதம்! புத பகவானே பொன்னடி போற்றி
ஸௌம்யம் ஸௌம்ய குணோபேதம் பதந்தந் தாள்வாய் பண்ணொலியானே
தம் புதம் ப்ரணமாம் யஹம்!! உதவியே யருளும் உத்தமா போற்றி
குரு நமஸ்காரம் குரு வணக்கம்
தேவானாம் ச ரிஷஷீணாம் ச குணமிகு வியாழக் குருபகவானே
குரும் காஞ்சன ஸந்நிபம்! மணமுடன் வாழ மகிழ்வுடனருள்வாய்
புத்தி பூதம் த்ரிலோகேசம் ருகஸ்பதி வியாழப் பரதகுரு நேசா
தம் நமமாமி ப்ருஹஸ்பதிம்!! க்ரக தோஷமின்றிக் கடாஷித் தருள்வாய்
சுக்ர நமஸ்காரம் சுக்கிர வணக்கம்
ஹிமகுந்த ம்ருணாளாபம் சுக்கிரமூர்த்தி சுபமிக யீவாய்
தைத்யானாம் பரமம் குரும்! வக்கிரமின்றி வரமிகத் தருள்வாய்
ஸர்வாசாஸ்த்ர ப்ரவக்தாரம் வெள்ளிச் சுக்கிர வித்தக வேந்தே
பார்கவம் ப்ரணமாம் யஹம்!! அள்ளிக் கொடுப்பாய் அடியார்க்கருளே
சனி நமஸ்காரம் சனி வணக்கம்
நீலாஞ்ஜன ஸமாபாஸம் சங்கடந் தீர்க்கும் சனி பகவானே
ரவிபுத்ரம் யமாக்ரஜம்! மங்களம் பொங்க மனம் வைத்தருள்வாய்
ச்சாயா மார்த்தாண்ட ஸம்பூதம் சச்சரவின்றிச் சாகா நெறியில்
தம் நமாமி சனைச்சரம்!! இச்சகம் வாழ இன்னருள் தா தா.
ராகு நமஸ்காரம் ராகு வணக்கம்
அர்த்தகாயம் மஹாவீர்யம் அரவெனும் ராகு அய்யனே போற்றி
சந்தராதித்ய விமர்தனம்! கரவா தருள்வாய் கஷ்டங்கள் நீக்கி
ஸிம்ஹிகா கர்ப்ப ஸம்பூதம் ஆகவருள் புரி அனைத்திலும் வெற்றி
தம் ராஹீம் ப்ரணமாம் யஹம்!! ராகுக்கனியே ரம்மியா போற்றி
கேது நமஸ்காரம் கேது வணக்கம்
பலாச புஸ்பஸ்ஙகாசம் கேதுத் தேவே கீர்த்தித் திருவே
தாராகாக்ரஹ மஸ்தகம்! பாதம் போற்றி பாபம் தீர்ப்பாய்
ரௌத்ரம் ரௌத்ராத்மகம் கோரம் வாதம், வம்பு வழக்கு களின்றி
தம் கேதும் ப்ரணமாம் யஹம்!! கேதுத் தேவே கேண்மையாய் ரட்சி.
ஜபா குஸூம ஸங்காசம் சீலமாய் வாழச் சீரருள் புரியும்
காச்யபேயம் மஹாத்யுதிம்! ஞாலம் புகழும், ஞாயிறே போற்றி
தமோரிம் ஸ்ர்வ பாபக்னம் சூரியா போற்றி, சுதந்திரா போற்றி
ப்ரணதோ (அ) ஸ்மி திவாகரம் !! வீரியா போற்றி, வினைகள் களைவாய்
சந்த்ர நமஸ்காரம் சந்திரன் வணக்கம்
ததி சங்க துஷாராபம் எங்கள் குறைகள் எல்லாம் தீர்க்கும்
ஷீரோதார்ணவஸம்பவம்! திங்களே போற்றி, திருவருள் தருவாய்
நமாமி சசினம் ஸோமம் சந்திரா போற்றி, சத்குரு போற்றி
சம்போர் மகுடபூஷணம்!! சங்கடந் தீர்ப்பாய் சதுர போற்றி
அங்காரக நமஸ்காரம் செவ்வாய் வணக்கம்
தரணீ கர்ப்ப ஸம்பூதம் சிறப்புறு மணியே செவ்வாய்த் தேவே
வித்யுத்காந்தி ஸப்ரபம் ! குறையிலா தருள்வாய் குணமுடன் வாழ
குமாரம் சக்தி ஹஸ்தம் ச மங்கள் செவ்வாய் மலரடி போற்றி
மங்களம் ப்ரணமாம் யஹம்!! அங்காரகனே அவதிகள் நீக்கு
புத நமஸ்காரம் புதன் வணக்கம்
ப்ரிங்கு கலிகா ச்யாம் இதமுற வாழ இன்னல்கள் நீக்கு
ருபேணா ப்ரதிமம் புதம்! புத பகவானே பொன்னடி போற்றி
ஸௌம்யம் ஸௌம்ய குணோபேதம் பதந்தந் தாள்வாய் பண்ணொலியானே
தம் புதம் ப்ரணமாம் யஹம்!! உதவியே யருளும் உத்தமா போற்றி
குரு நமஸ்காரம் குரு வணக்கம்
தேவானாம் ச ரிஷஷீணாம் ச குணமிகு வியாழக் குருபகவானே
குரும் காஞ்சன ஸந்நிபம்! மணமுடன் வாழ மகிழ்வுடனருள்வாய்
புத்தி பூதம் த்ரிலோகேசம் ருகஸ்பதி வியாழப் பரதகுரு நேசா
தம் நமமாமி ப்ருஹஸ்பதிம்!! க்ரக தோஷமின்றிக் கடாஷித் தருள்வாய்
சுக்ர நமஸ்காரம் சுக்கிர வணக்கம்
ஹிமகுந்த ம்ருணாளாபம் சுக்கிரமூர்த்தி சுபமிக யீவாய்
தைத்யானாம் பரமம் குரும்! வக்கிரமின்றி வரமிகத் தருள்வாய்
ஸர்வாசாஸ்த்ர ப்ரவக்தாரம் வெள்ளிச் சுக்கிர வித்தக வேந்தே
பார்கவம் ப்ரணமாம் யஹம்!! அள்ளிக் கொடுப்பாய் அடியார்க்கருளே
சனி நமஸ்காரம் சனி வணக்கம்
நீலாஞ்ஜன ஸமாபாஸம் சங்கடந் தீர்க்கும் சனி பகவானே
ரவிபுத்ரம் யமாக்ரஜம்! மங்களம் பொங்க மனம் வைத்தருள்வாய்
ச்சாயா மார்த்தாண்ட ஸம்பூதம் சச்சரவின்றிச் சாகா நெறியில்
தம் நமாமி சனைச்சரம்!! இச்சகம் வாழ இன்னருள் தா தா.
ராகு நமஸ்காரம் ராகு வணக்கம்
அர்த்தகாயம் மஹாவீர்யம் அரவெனும் ராகு அய்யனே போற்றி
சந்தராதித்ய விமர்தனம்! கரவா தருள்வாய் கஷ்டங்கள் நீக்கி
ஸிம்ஹிகா கர்ப்ப ஸம்பூதம் ஆகவருள் புரி அனைத்திலும் வெற்றி
தம் ராஹீம் ப்ரணமாம் யஹம்!! ராகுக்கனியே ரம்மியா போற்றி
கேது நமஸ்காரம் கேது வணக்கம்
பலாச புஸ்பஸ்ஙகாசம் கேதுத் தேவே கீர்த்தித் திருவே
தாராகாக்ரஹ மஸ்தகம்! பாதம் போற்றி பாபம் தீர்ப்பாய்
ரௌத்ரம் ரௌத்ராத்மகம் கோரம் வாதம், வம்பு வழக்கு களின்றி
தம் கேதும் ப்ரணமாம் யஹம்!! கேதுத் தேவே கேண்மையாய் ரட்சி.
Computer Hardware
Inside the Case
The Motherboard
CPU and Memory
Storage Devices
Peripheral Cards
External Peripherals
Important PC Repair Safety Tips
Tips to Stay Safe While Working On Your Computer
In addition to being an afternoon of great fun, PC repair can save you loads of time and money. No amount of fun, money or time is enough, though, to compromise your safety.
Keep these important tips in mind as you work inside your computer:
Remember to Flip the Switch
Always, always, always remember to turn the power off before servicing anything. This should always be your first step. Do not even open the computer case unless the power is turned off. Many computers have a number of lights inside that serve certain functions so check to see that no lights are on. If any are still on then the power is probably not completely off.
Many power supply units have a switch on the back, killing power to the device and ultimately the rest of your PC. If your PSU has one, be sure to turn it to the off position.
Unplug for Extra Safety
As a second precaution, it is wise to unplug the computer from the wall or power strip. If there was any doubt as to whether the computer was off before, it's settled now.
Avoid Smoke and Smells
See smoke coming from the power supply or inside the case or smell a burning or solder scent? If so:
1. Stop what you're doing immediately.
2. Unplug the computer from the wall.
3. Allow the PC to cool or discharge unplugged for at least 5 minutes.
Finally, if you know which device was generating the smoke or smell, remove and replace it as soon as you can. Don't try to repair a device that's been damaged to this extent, especially if it's a power supply.
Remove Hand Jewelry
An easy way to get electrocuted is to work around a high voltage device like a power supply with metal rings, watches, or bracelets on. Remove anything conductive from your hands before working inside your computer, especially if you're doing something like testing your power supply.
Avoid Capacitors
Capacitors are miniature electronic components contained in many of the parts inside a PC. Capacitors can store electric charge for a short while after the power is turned off so it's a wise decision to wait a few minutes after pulling the plug before working on your PC.
Never Service the Non-Serviceable
When you come across labels that say "No serviceable components inside" don't take it as a challenge or even a suggestion. This is a serious statement.
Some parts of a computer are just not meant to be repaired, even by most professional computer repair persons. You will usually see this warning on power supply units but you may also see them on monitors, hard drives, optical drives and other dangerous or highly sensitive components.
What is a Power Supply?:
The power supply's job is to convert the power provided from the outlet into usable power for the many parts inside the computer case.
The Power Supply is Also Known As:
PSU (power supply unit), power pack, power converter
Important Power Supply Facts:
Motherboards, cases and power supplies all come in different sizes called form factors. All three must be compatible to work properly together.
Power supplies are not typically user serviceable.For your safety, it's usually wise to never open a power supply unit.
Popular Power Supply Manufacturers:
CoolMax, Ultra, (Most power supplies come preinstalled in computer cases)
Power Supply Description:
The power supply is mounted just inside the back of the case.
The side facing outside the case has a male, three pronged port that a power cable, connected to a power source, plugs into. There is also often a power switch and a power supply voltage switch.
Large bundles of colored wires extend from the opposite side of the power supply into the computer. Connectors at the opposite ends of the wires connect to various components inside the computer. Some are specifically designed to plug in to the motherboard while others have connectors that fit into fans, floppy drives, hard drives, optical drives, and even some high powered video cards.
Power supplies are rated by wattage to show how much power they can provide to the computer. Since each computer part requires a certain amount of power to function properly, it's important to have a power supply that can provide the right amount. The very handy Journey Systems Power Supply Calculator tool can help you determine how much you need.
"How Do I Test the Power Supply in My Computer?"
Question: "How Do I Test the Power Supply in My Computer?"
Testing a power supply is an important step when troubleshooting many issues, most obviously when your computer is having trouble starting.
However, a failing power supply can often be the cause of problems you might not expect like random lockups, spontaneous reboots, and even some serious error messages.
Ask any computer repair professional and he or she will probably tell you that the power supply is the most common piece of hardware to fail in a computer.
In my experience, the power supply is very often the first thing to fail as a computer ages.
Answer: You can test a power supply yourself manually using a multimeter or you can purchase a power supply tester to perform an automatic PSU test.
Both methods are equally effective ways of testing a power supply so which one you choose is completely up to you.
Here's some more information on how to test your power supply with each of these methods and some help deciding which method is best for you:
Method #1: Test a Power Supply Manually with a Multimeter
Advantages of a manual PSU test:
• The only tools needed are a screwdriver and a multimeter, both of which you likely already have. If you don't own a multimeter, you can usually find a basic one at any major retailer for around Rs.1,000 or you can find one online if you don't mind waiting a few days.
• Assuming you have a multimeter and screwdriver, you can test your power supply right now following the directions above.
Disadvantages of a manual PSU test:
• It's manual! It is going to take a little work on your part to thoroughly test your power supply.
• Testing a PSU manually can be dangerous if you're not very, very careful. See my warning at the bottom of the page for more information.
Method #2: Test a Power Supply Using a Power Supply Tester
Note: The instructions linked to above are specific to the Coolmax PS-224 ATX Power Supply Tester but the general idea applies to nearly any tester you choose to purchase.
Advantages of using a power supply tester:
• It's automatic! Power supply testers were invented because manual tests are manual and introduce human error. The results of a PSU test with a power supply tester unit is more conclusive.
• Testing a power supply with a power supply tester is a safer than testing one manually. A power supply tester lets you stay a bit more removed from the electricity than with a multimeter test.
Find and Buy a Power Supply Tester
Disadvantages of using a power supply tester:
• Chances are you don't have a power supply tester so you'll have to buy one. Depending on your choice of tester, you're probably looking to spend from around Rs.500 to Rs.4,000.
• Again, you probably don't have a power supply tester, meaning that you'll have to order one and wait until it shows up before you'll be able to test your power supply. That could mean that you live with a major computer problem longer than you'd like.
Extremely Important: Take great, great care when testing a power supply, especially if you've chosen to test it manually. Both methods above involve working with a high voltage power supply while it's plugged in. If you're not extremely careful you could electrocute yourself and/or damage your computer. I don't mention this to frighten you - testing a power supply is a common troubleshooting step and can be done safely if you exercise common sense and follow directions exactly. Just please be careful when doing so.
Did your power supply fail a test?
Replace the power supply. That's right, just replace it, even if it's partially working.
It is never a safe idea to fix one yourself. If you insist on having your PSU repaired rather than replaced then please seek the assistance of a professional repair person.
Having Problems Testing a Power Supply?
Need some help interpreting a result from your power supply test? Let a community of computer support enthusiasts help out! Post in the PC Support Forum about what kinds of problems you're having testing your power supply and we'll try to help out.
How To Troubleshoot a Computer That Won't Turn On
t's a dreadful way to start a day - you press the power button on your computer and nothing happens. Few computer problems are more frustrating than when your computer won't boot.
There are many reasons why a computer won't turn on and often very few clues about what might be the problem. The only symptom is usually the simple fact that "nothing works" which isn't much to go on.
Add to this the fact that whatever is wrong could be an expensive part of your PC to replace - like the motherboard or CPU.
Do not fear because all may not be lost! Follow these steps to determine why your computer won't turn on.
Difficulty: Average
Time Required: Anywhere from 10 minutes to a few hours or more depending on why the computer won't turn on
Here's How:
1. Try to relax! There's a good chance you can figure out exactly why your computer won't start and then get it back up and running.
I don't usually start a troubleshooting guide with the same advice a therapist might give her client, but when faced with a computer that won't start most people tend to panic, worried that all the data on their PC is gone forever.
It's true that the most common reason a computer won't start is because a piece of hardware has failed or is causing a problem but that hardware isn't usually a hard drive. Your data is probably safe - just not accessible.
2. Computer shows no sign of power at all. Try these steps if your computer will not turn on and is showing no sign at all of receiving power - no fans running and no lights on the computer case.
Important: You may or may not see a light on the back of your PC depending on the kind of power supply you have and the exact cause of the problem.
Note: Don't worry about the monitor yet. If the computer is not turning on because of a power issue then the monitor certainly can't display anything from the computer. Your monitor light will likely be amber/yellow if your computer has stopped sending information to it.
3. Computer turns on for a few seconds and then turns off. Follow these steps if, when you turn your computer on, it promptly powers back off.
You'll probably hear the fans inside your computer turn on, see the lights on the front of your computer turn on or flash, and then it will all stop - always before the boot process is complete. You may or may not also hear beeping coming from inside your PC.
Note: As in the previous scenario, don't worry about what state your monitor is in. You may have a monitor issue as well but it's not possible to troubleshoot it quite yet.
4. Computer turns on but nothing shows on screen. If your computer seems to be receiving power after turning it on but you don't see anything on your monitor, try these troubleshooting steps.
In these situations, the power lights will stay on, you'll likely hear the fans inside your PC running, and you may or may not hear one or more beeps coming from the computer.
This situation is probably the most common in my experience working with computers that won't start. Unfortunately it's also one of the most difficult to troubleshoot.
5. Computer turns on but stops booting during the POST. Use this guide when your computer powers on, shows at least some information on the monitor, but then stops for any reason during the Power On Self Test.
Use this troubleshooting guide primarily if you receive a BIOS error message during the POST but also if your PC locks up during the POST without an on-screen message.
Important: If you're having an issue during the loading of the operating system, which occurs after the Power On Self Test is complete, see Step 6.
6. Computer turns on but an error message prevents the operating system from loading completely. If your computer begins to load Windows but then stops booting and displays an error message, you're best bet is to troubleshoot the problem based on the specific error message.
The Motherboard
CPU and Memory
Storage Devices
Peripheral Cards
External Peripherals
Important PC Repair Safety Tips
Tips to Stay Safe While Working On Your Computer
In addition to being an afternoon of great fun, PC repair can save you loads of time and money. No amount of fun, money or time is enough, though, to compromise your safety.
Keep these important tips in mind as you work inside your computer:
Remember to Flip the Switch
Always, always, always remember to turn the power off before servicing anything. This should always be your first step. Do not even open the computer case unless the power is turned off. Many computers have a number of lights inside that serve certain functions so check to see that no lights are on. If any are still on then the power is probably not completely off.
Many power supply units have a switch on the back, killing power to the device and ultimately the rest of your PC. If your PSU has one, be sure to turn it to the off position.
Unplug for Extra Safety
As a second precaution, it is wise to unplug the computer from the wall or power strip. If there was any doubt as to whether the computer was off before, it's settled now.
Avoid Smoke and Smells
See smoke coming from the power supply or inside the case or smell a burning or solder scent? If so:
1. Stop what you're doing immediately.
2. Unplug the computer from the wall.
3. Allow the PC to cool or discharge unplugged for at least 5 minutes.
Finally, if you know which device was generating the smoke or smell, remove and replace it as soon as you can. Don't try to repair a device that's been damaged to this extent, especially if it's a power supply.
Remove Hand Jewelry
An easy way to get electrocuted is to work around a high voltage device like a power supply with metal rings, watches, or bracelets on. Remove anything conductive from your hands before working inside your computer, especially if you're doing something like testing your power supply.
Avoid Capacitors
Capacitors are miniature electronic components contained in many of the parts inside a PC. Capacitors can store electric charge for a short while after the power is turned off so it's a wise decision to wait a few minutes after pulling the plug before working on your PC.
Never Service the Non-Serviceable
When you come across labels that say "No serviceable components inside" don't take it as a challenge or even a suggestion. This is a serious statement.
Some parts of a computer are just not meant to be repaired, even by most professional computer repair persons. You will usually see this warning on power supply units but you may also see them on monitors, hard drives, optical drives and other dangerous or highly sensitive components.
What is a Power Supply?:
The power supply's job is to convert the power provided from the outlet into usable power for the many parts inside the computer case.
The Power Supply is Also Known As:
PSU (power supply unit), power pack, power converter
Important Power Supply Facts:
Motherboards, cases and power supplies all come in different sizes called form factors. All three must be compatible to work properly together.
Power supplies are not typically user serviceable.For your safety, it's usually wise to never open a power supply unit.
Popular Power Supply Manufacturers:
CoolMax, Ultra, (Most power supplies come preinstalled in computer cases)
Power Supply Description:
The power supply is mounted just inside the back of the case.
The side facing outside the case has a male, three pronged port that a power cable, connected to a power source, plugs into. There is also often a power switch and a power supply voltage switch.
Large bundles of colored wires extend from the opposite side of the power supply into the computer. Connectors at the opposite ends of the wires connect to various components inside the computer. Some are specifically designed to plug in to the motherboard while others have connectors that fit into fans, floppy drives, hard drives, optical drives, and even some high powered video cards.
Power supplies are rated by wattage to show how much power they can provide to the computer. Since each computer part requires a certain amount of power to function properly, it's important to have a power supply that can provide the right amount. The very handy Journey Systems Power Supply Calculator tool can help you determine how much you need.
"How Do I Test the Power Supply in My Computer?"
Question: "How Do I Test the Power Supply in My Computer?"
Testing a power supply is an important step when troubleshooting many issues, most obviously when your computer is having trouble starting.
However, a failing power supply can often be the cause of problems you might not expect like random lockups, spontaneous reboots, and even some serious error messages.
Ask any computer repair professional and he or she will probably tell you that the power supply is the most common piece of hardware to fail in a computer.
In my experience, the power supply is very often the first thing to fail as a computer ages.
Answer: You can test a power supply yourself manually using a multimeter or you can purchase a power supply tester to perform an automatic PSU test.
Both methods are equally effective ways of testing a power supply so which one you choose is completely up to you.
Here's some more information on how to test your power supply with each of these methods and some help deciding which method is best for you:
Method #1: Test a Power Supply Manually with a Multimeter
Advantages of a manual PSU test:
• The only tools needed are a screwdriver and a multimeter, both of which you likely already have. If you don't own a multimeter, you can usually find a basic one at any major retailer for around Rs.1,000 or you can find one online if you don't mind waiting a few days.
• Assuming you have a multimeter and screwdriver, you can test your power supply right now following the directions above.
Disadvantages of a manual PSU test:
• It's manual! It is going to take a little work on your part to thoroughly test your power supply.
• Testing a PSU manually can be dangerous if you're not very, very careful. See my warning at the bottom of the page for more information.
Method #2: Test a Power Supply Using a Power Supply Tester
Note: The instructions linked to above are specific to the Coolmax PS-224 ATX Power Supply Tester but the general idea applies to nearly any tester you choose to purchase.
Advantages of using a power supply tester:
• It's automatic! Power supply testers were invented because manual tests are manual and introduce human error. The results of a PSU test with a power supply tester unit is more conclusive.
• Testing a power supply with a power supply tester is a safer than testing one manually. A power supply tester lets you stay a bit more removed from the electricity than with a multimeter test.
Find and Buy a Power Supply Tester
Disadvantages of using a power supply tester:
• Chances are you don't have a power supply tester so you'll have to buy one. Depending on your choice of tester, you're probably looking to spend from around Rs.500 to Rs.4,000.
• Again, you probably don't have a power supply tester, meaning that you'll have to order one and wait until it shows up before you'll be able to test your power supply. That could mean that you live with a major computer problem longer than you'd like.
Extremely Important: Take great, great care when testing a power supply, especially if you've chosen to test it manually. Both methods above involve working with a high voltage power supply while it's plugged in. If you're not extremely careful you could electrocute yourself and/or damage your computer. I don't mention this to frighten you - testing a power supply is a common troubleshooting step and can be done safely if you exercise common sense and follow directions exactly. Just please be careful when doing so.
Did your power supply fail a test?
Replace the power supply. That's right, just replace it, even if it's partially working.
It is never a safe idea to fix one yourself. If you insist on having your PSU repaired rather than replaced then please seek the assistance of a professional repair person.
Having Problems Testing a Power Supply?
Need some help interpreting a result from your power supply test? Let a community of computer support enthusiasts help out! Post in the PC Support Forum about what kinds of problems you're having testing your power supply and we'll try to help out.
How To Troubleshoot a Computer That Won't Turn On
t's a dreadful way to start a day - you press the power button on your computer and nothing happens. Few computer problems are more frustrating than when your computer won't boot.
There are many reasons why a computer won't turn on and often very few clues about what might be the problem. The only symptom is usually the simple fact that "nothing works" which isn't much to go on.
Add to this the fact that whatever is wrong could be an expensive part of your PC to replace - like the motherboard or CPU.
Do not fear because all may not be lost! Follow these steps to determine why your computer won't turn on.
Difficulty: Average
Time Required: Anywhere from 10 minutes to a few hours or more depending on why the computer won't turn on
Here's How:
1. Try to relax! There's a good chance you can figure out exactly why your computer won't start and then get it back up and running.
I don't usually start a troubleshooting guide with the same advice a therapist might give her client, but when faced with a computer that won't start most people tend to panic, worried that all the data on their PC is gone forever.
It's true that the most common reason a computer won't start is because a piece of hardware has failed or is causing a problem but that hardware isn't usually a hard drive. Your data is probably safe - just not accessible.
2. Computer shows no sign of power at all. Try these steps if your computer will not turn on and is showing no sign at all of receiving power - no fans running and no lights on the computer case.
Important: You may or may not see a light on the back of your PC depending on the kind of power supply you have and the exact cause of the problem.
Note: Don't worry about the monitor yet. If the computer is not turning on because of a power issue then the monitor certainly can't display anything from the computer. Your monitor light will likely be amber/yellow if your computer has stopped sending information to it.
3. Computer turns on for a few seconds and then turns off. Follow these steps if, when you turn your computer on, it promptly powers back off.
You'll probably hear the fans inside your computer turn on, see the lights on the front of your computer turn on or flash, and then it will all stop - always before the boot process is complete. You may or may not also hear beeping coming from inside your PC.
Note: As in the previous scenario, don't worry about what state your monitor is in. You may have a monitor issue as well but it's not possible to troubleshoot it quite yet.
4. Computer turns on but nothing shows on screen. If your computer seems to be receiving power after turning it on but you don't see anything on your monitor, try these troubleshooting steps.
In these situations, the power lights will stay on, you'll likely hear the fans inside your PC running, and you may or may not hear one or more beeps coming from the computer.
This situation is probably the most common in my experience working with computers that won't start. Unfortunately it's also one of the most difficult to troubleshoot.
5. Computer turns on but stops booting during the POST. Use this guide when your computer powers on, shows at least some information on the monitor, but then stops for any reason during the Power On Self Test.
Use this troubleshooting guide primarily if you receive a BIOS error message during the POST but also if your PC locks up during the POST without an on-screen message.
Important: If you're having an issue during the loading of the operating system, which occurs after the Power On Self Test is complete, see Step 6.
6. Computer turns on but an error message prevents the operating system from loading completely. If your computer begins to load Windows but then stops booting and displays an error message, you're best bet is to troubleshoot the problem based on the specific error message.
Maha Sudarshana Homam
Sudarshanaaya Vidmahe
Maha Jwaalaya Deemahi
Thannach Chakrap Prachodhayaad.
Maha Sudarsana Homam for removal of all enemies and avoiding accidents. The desires of human beings are innumerable and they vary in nature. As a result, the sufferings they might undergo also are many. Sometimes it may result in incurable diseases. It cannot be said that all sufferings and ailments afflicting mankind have human solutions. There are many things, which are beyond the work of human domain. These were the areas where divine intervention was sought by the ancient seers. This is where the mantras play a vital role. The mantras were the tools, which were used by the sages to free the world from sufferings. "Mantaram trayate iti mantra" mantras are mystic syllables that free the chanter from inflictions. In the Vaishnava agamas the Sudharsana mantra is a very prominent one. The Sudharsana Chakra or the divine disc of Maha Vishnu is one of the Lords prominent weapons in annihilating evil forces. The Sudharsana yantra is also as important as the Sudharsana mantra. Usually Lord Sudharsana is seen installed with eight or sixteen hands in Vishnu temples It is stated in the Ahirbhudniya Samhita that when the devotees are suffering from the afflictions caused by incurable diseases, sorcery, or enemies, Lord Sudharsana dispels his fierce form and comes to their protection. When the last rites of the dead are not performed properly it might sometimes result in the sufferings of the progeny belonging to later generations. Scriptures state that performing the Sudharsana homa could alleviate the sufferings of this nature. Performance of this homa also stops the danger or perils which may possibly occur in future.
Maha Jwaalaya Deemahi
Thannach Chakrap Prachodhayaad.
Maha Sudarsana Homam for removal of all enemies and avoiding accidents. The desires of human beings are innumerable and they vary in nature. As a result, the sufferings they might undergo also are many. Sometimes it may result in incurable diseases. It cannot be said that all sufferings and ailments afflicting mankind have human solutions. There are many things, which are beyond the work of human domain. These were the areas where divine intervention was sought by the ancient seers. This is where the mantras play a vital role. The mantras were the tools, which were used by the sages to free the world from sufferings. "Mantaram trayate iti mantra" mantras are mystic syllables that free the chanter from inflictions. In the Vaishnava agamas the Sudharsana mantra is a very prominent one. The Sudharsana Chakra or the divine disc of Maha Vishnu is one of the Lords prominent weapons in annihilating evil forces. The Sudharsana yantra is also as important as the Sudharsana mantra. Usually Lord Sudharsana is seen installed with eight or sixteen hands in Vishnu temples It is stated in the Ahirbhudniya Samhita that when the devotees are suffering from the afflictions caused by incurable diseases, sorcery, or enemies, Lord Sudharsana dispels his fierce form and comes to their protection. When the last rites of the dead are not performed properly it might sometimes result in the sufferings of the progeny belonging to later generations. Scriptures state that performing the Sudharsana homa could alleviate the sufferings of this nature. Performance of this homa also stops the danger or perils which may possibly occur in future.
Brahmins Generation and their Gotra system.
Brahmin gotra system
The word "gotra" means "lineage" in the Sanskrit language. Among those of the Brahmin caste, gotras are reckoned patrilineally. Each gotra takes the name of a famous Rishi or sage who was the patrilineal forebearer of that clan. And each Gotra is addressed by the suffix 'sa' or 'asa' as relevant.
The concept of Gotra was the first attempt among Brahmins to classify themselves among different groups. At the beginning, these gents identified themselves by the names of various rishis (Angirasa, Atri, Gautam, Kashyapa, Bhrigu, Vasistha, Kutsa,and Bharadwaja; the first seven of these are often enumerated as Saptarishis). It is to be noted that Vishwamitra was initially a Kshatriya king, who later chose and rose to become an ascetic rishi. Hence the gotra was applied to the grouping stemming from one of these rishis as his descendants.
List of Brahmin Gotras
The following is a partial list of gotras found in the Brahmin community of Hindus:
Agastya, Atreyasa / Atri, Alambani, Angad, Angirasa, Ahabhunasa, Aupamanyava,
Babhravya, Bharadwaja, Bhargava, Bhakdi, Bhaskara,
Chandilya, Charora, Chikitasa, Chyavana,
Dalabhya, Darbhas, Dhananjaya, Dhanvantari,
Galvasaya, Garga, Gautamasa, Gaubhilya,
Harita/ Haritasa, Hukman Bhal,
Jamadagni, Jatukarna,
Kalabodhana/ Kalaboudha /Kalabhavasa, Kamakayana Vishwamitra, Kanva, Kaushikasa, Kapi, Kapil, Karmani, Kashyapasa, Kaundinyasa, Kaunsh, Kaushal/ Kaushalas / Kushal, Kaushik/Koshik/Koushik, Kushika, Kaustubha, Kausyagasa, Kavist, Katyayana, Krishnatriya or Krishnatreeya,
Kundina Gowtama,Kutsa, Kutsasa
Lakhi, Lohit, Lohita-Kowsika, Lomasha,
Mandavya, Marichi, Markandeya, Mauna Bhargava, Matanga, Maudgalya Moudgalya,
Mudgala (Maudgalya, Moudgil, Modgil, Mudgal), Mudgal
Naidhruva, Nithunthana/Naithunthasa, Nydravakashyapa, Nrisimhadevara,
Parashara, Parthivasa, Pouragutsya, Ratheetarasa, Purang, Pradnya, Pratanansya
Rathitara, Rohinya, Rauksaayana, Roushayadana,
Saminathen, Sanatana, Salankayana, Sangar, Sanaka, Sanaga, Sanjaya, Sankhyayana
Sankrithi(Sankrityayan), Sankyanasa, Sathamarshana, Shandilya , sanas, Sandilyasa, Shandelosya,
Saawarna, Saharia Joshi, Sauparna, Savaran, Savita. Somnasser, Saankritya(Sakarawar),
Soral, Srivatsa, Sumarkanth, Suryadhwaja, Shaktri, Shaunaka, Surya, Swatantra Kabisa, Suparna,
Tugnait * Upamanyu, * Upadhyay, Utsasya,
Vadula, Valmiki, Vardhviyasa, Vardhulasa, Vardhyswasa, Vashishta, Vatsa, Vatsyayan, Veetahavya, Vishnu, Vishnuvardhana, Vishnuvruddha, Viswamitra, Vishvagni, Vartantu, Vishwagni, Vaidya/Baidya,
Yaska
Brahmin communities
Brahmin communities in India are traditionally divided into two regional groups: Pancha-Gauda Brahmins and Pancha-Dravida Brahmins according to the following shloka found in the Rajatarangini of Kalhana (12th century):
कर्णाटकाश्च तैलंगा द्राविडा महाराष्ट्रकाः ।
गुर्जराश्चेति पञ्चैव द्राविडा विन्ध्यदक्षिणे ॥
सारस्वताः कान्यकुब्जा गौडा उत्कलमैथिलाः ।
पन्चगौडा इति ख्याता विन्ध्स्योत्तरवासिनः ॥
कर्णाटकाश्च तैलंगा द्राविडा महाराष्ट्रकाः ।
गुर्जराश्चेति पञ्चैव द्राविडा विन्ध्यदक्षिणे ॥
सारस्वताः कान्यकुब्जा गौडा उत्कलमैथिलाः ।
पन्चगौडा इति ख्याता विन्ध्स्योत्तरवासिनः ॥
"The Karnatakas, Tailangas, Dravidas, Maharashtrakas and Gurjaras; these five (-types who- ) live south of Vindhya (- mountains) are (called-) "Dravida" (- brahmins); (whereas-) Saraswatas, Kanyakubjas, Gaudas, Utkalas, and Maithilas, who live north of Vindhya (- mountains) are known as "five Gauda" (- brahmins)."
The shloka only identifies the caste-system present on the basis of their regional presence. The classification of Brahmins, the highest varna, on the basis of Region is debatable (compare the Brahmin gotra system).
Pancha-Gauda
Main article: Pancha-Gauda
Those from Uttarapatha (Aryavarta) (northern and eastern India.)
Approximately ordered according to geographical regions, from West to East
Saraswat
Kashmiri Pandits
Mohyal Brahmins
Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins
Gouda Saraswat Brahmins
Punjabi Saraswat Brahmins
Rajasthan Saraswat Brahmins
Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin
Nasarpuri Sindh Saraswat Brahmin
Brahmbhatt Brahmin
Kanyakubja
Kanyakubja Brahmins
Saryupareen Brahmins
Gauda
Khandelwal Brahmin
Kota Brahmin
Dadhich Brahmin
Gaur Brahmin
Sanadhya Brahmin
Shri Gaur Malviya Brahmin
Sanskrit gauḍa is a vrddhi derivation of guḍa, literally "sugar molass", but also the name of a tribe of the Madhyadesha. A school of thought believes that Gauda is sometimes taken to mean the Gaur region of Bengal. However the original meaning of the term coincides with region termed as Brahmakshetra:
ब्रह्मक्षेत्रं गुडारण्यं मत्स्यपाञ्चालमाथुराः
एष ब्रह्मर्षि देशो वै ब्रह्मावर्त समम्बरम् ॥
ब्रह्मक्षेत्रं कुरुक्षेत्रं ब्रह्मदेशः प्रकथ्यते
आदिगौदर्षिदेशान्तं हर्यारण्यमिहोच्यते ॥
Bengali Brahmins
Utkal(Orissa) Utkala Brahmins
Maithil Brahmin (Mithila) Maithil Brahmins
Pancha-Dravida (Five Southern)
Those from Dakshinapatha (South India, including Gujarat and Maharashtra).
Gujarat
Trivedi Mewada Brahmin ,Migrated from Mewad, Rajasthan during time of Great King Rana pratap to Gujarat some 434 years ago. i.e 1576 to 1590 (Since battle of Haldighati was happened during June, 1576). But prior to that only as a precautionary steps King Ranasinh Pratap has requested Brahmin Community to migrate to safe place (being Akbar was Muslim emperor and may take wrong steps on Brahmin Community, since Brahmin were doing all Prayers for GOD in those days). But King Ranasinh Pratap requested that you should be continue worshiping Eklanji Mahadev only. Which is still continued by all Mewada Brahaman Community.
As per some articles (source: Book in Gujarati -"Dabo Melyo Mewad") it is understood that during 1280 under the leadership of Mr. Mahanand Trivedi 999 Brahmin shifted from Mewad towards Gujarat and near Tahsil: Bhiloda there is a Village called "Narsoli" they established Eklingji Shivalay. This migration is due to contineous Muslim attacks on Mewad and harassing Brahmin community specifically. In the same book it is referred that during 1303 Allhuddin Khilji has killed 640,000 brahim male members and thrown their scared thread (Janoi / Ugnopavit / Upnayan / Janva) in 1600 litters of blood. As per some views there were 10,000 brahmins and blood sheds were abouts 30 litters. To avoid these mass killings Brahmin community migrated towards Gujarat.
Also you get website like http://www.brahmsamaj.org
Rajgor Brahmin
Bhatt Mewada Brahmin ,Migrated from Mewad, Rajasthan during time of Great King Rana pratap to Gujarat some 250 years ago. i.e 1750 to 1760
Chauriyasi Mewada Brahmin from south Gujarat, Migrated from Chittod, Rajasthan some 800 years ago to Dharampur near Valsad. i.e. 1158 AD to 1168 AD
Saurashtra Trivedi Mewad Brahmin
Saurashtra Bhatt Mewada Brahmin
Pushkarna Brahmin
Nagar Brahmin
Khedaval Brahmin
Audich Brahmin
Modh Brahmin
Bardai Brahmin
Girinarayan Brahmin
Shrimali Brahman
Anavil Brahmin
Sidhra-Rudhra Brahmin
Sree gauda Brahmin
Rajgor Brahmin Basically comes from Rajeshtan
Prashnora Brahmin
Kanaujiya or Kanyakumbj Brahmin migrated from kanoj,entered in kutch via sindh along with lohanas have surname Bhatt in kutch,divided as bhuvdiyas,vondhiyas,sandhliyas according to their village temple.others in Gujarat mainly found in jamnagar,morbi,junaghath and rajkot.surnames like Bhatt,Kaileyas,bhaglani,pingal,lakhlani,ghediya etc are common.
Maharashtra
Deshastha Brahmin
Chitpavan Brahmin (Konkanastha)
Karhade Brahmin
Devrukhe Brahmin
Karnataka
Kannada Brahmins
Babbur Kamme Brahmins
Badaganadu Brahmins
Deshastha Brahmin
Havyaka Brahmin
Hasan Iyengars
Hebbar Iyengars
Hoysala Karnataka Brahmins
Karhade Brahmin
Koota Brahmins
Madhva Brahmins
Mandyam Iyengars
Mysore Iyengars
Niyogi Brahmins
Panchagrama Brahmin
Sankethi Brahmins
Shukla Yajurveda Brahmins
Smartha Brahmins
Srivaishnava Brahmins
Sthanika Brahmins
Ulucha Kamme Brahmins
Mysore Iyers
Ashtagrama iyers
Mulukanadu Brahmins
Tuluva Brahmins
Kandavara Brahmins
Karhade Brahmins
Maratha Brahmins
Padia Brahmins
Saklapuri Brahmins
Shivalli Brahmins
Smartha Shivalli Brahmins
Sthanika Brahmins
Andhra Pradesh
Telugu Brahmins
Niyogi Brahmins
Vaidiki Brahmins
Tamil Nadu
Iyengars (sub-divided into Vadakalai and Thenkalai)
Iyers (sub-divided further into Vadama, Vathima, Brahacharanam, Ashtasahasram, Gurukkal, Dikshitar, Kaniyalar, Prathamasaki, dravida brahmins)
Kerala
Namboothiri Brahmins
Kerala Iyers
Embranthiris
Pushpaka Brahmins (Ambalavasis}
Sharada Brahmins
Nagariks or the Brahmin migrants from north India
List of sub-castes
Some of the existing sub-castes from Panch-Gaur group of Brahmins are:
Assamese Brahmins
Brahmbhatt Brahmin
Bengali Brahmins
Bhargav Brahmins
Dadhich Brahmins
Dube Brahmins
Gaur BrahminsMainly Adi Gaur brahman which includes Gaur,Tyagi,Pachauri,Gautam etc mainly residing in Haryana,West Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
Gautam Brahmins
Jangid Brahmins
Kashmiri Pandits
Khandelwal Brahmins
Khedaval Brahmins
Mohyal Brahmins
Kanyakubja Brahmins
Kota Brahmins
Kulin Brahmins
Maithili Brahmins
Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins
Sanadhya Brahmins
Saraswat Brahmins
Saryupareen Brahmins
Shakdwipi Brahmins
Shrimali Brahmins
Suryadhwaja Brahmins
Tyagi Brahmins
Some of the existing sub-castes from Panch-Dravida group of Brahmins are:
Bardai Brahmins
Chitpavan Brahmins (Konkanasth)
Daivajna Brahmin
Dhima Brahmins
Deshastha Brahmin
Gouda Saraswat Brahmins
Havyaka Brahmin
Hoysala Karnataka Brahmins
Iyers, Iyengar (Vadakalai Thenkalai )
Kandavara Brahmins
Kannada Brahmins
Karhade Brahmins
Koota Brahmins
Koteshwara Brahmins
Nagar Brahmins
Padia Brahmins
Pushpaka Brahmins (Ambalavasi Brahmins)
Saklapuri Brahmins
Sankethi Brahmins
Shivalli Brahmins
Sthanika Brahmins
Telugu Brahmins (Vaidiki, Niyogi)
Tuluva Brahmins
The word "gotra" means "lineage" in the Sanskrit language. Among those of the Brahmin caste, gotras are reckoned patrilineally. Each gotra takes the name of a famous Rishi or sage who was the patrilineal forebearer of that clan. And each Gotra is addressed by the suffix 'sa' or 'asa' as relevant.
The concept of Gotra was the first attempt among Brahmins to classify themselves among different groups. At the beginning, these gents identified themselves by the names of various rishis (Angirasa, Atri, Gautam, Kashyapa, Bhrigu, Vasistha, Kutsa,and Bharadwaja; the first seven of these are often enumerated as Saptarishis). It is to be noted that Vishwamitra was initially a Kshatriya king, who later chose and rose to become an ascetic rishi. Hence the gotra was applied to the grouping stemming from one of these rishis as his descendants.
List of Brahmin Gotras
The following is a partial list of gotras found in the Brahmin community of Hindus:
Agastya, Atreyasa / Atri, Alambani, Angad, Angirasa, Ahabhunasa, Aupamanyava,
Babhravya, Bharadwaja, Bhargava, Bhakdi, Bhaskara,
Chandilya, Charora, Chikitasa, Chyavana,
Dalabhya, Darbhas, Dhananjaya, Dhanvantari,
Galvasaya, Garga, Gautamasa, Gaubhilya,
Harita/ Haritasa, Hukman Bhal,
Jamadagni, Jatukarna,
Kalabodhana/ Kalaboudha /Kalabhavasa, Kamakayana Vishwamitra, Kanva, Kaushikasa, Kapi, Kapil, Karmani, Kashyapasa, Kaundinyasa, Kaunsh, Kaushal/ Kaushalas / Kushal, Kaushik/Koshik/Koushik, Kushika, Kaustubha, Kausyagasa, Kavist, Katyayana, Krishnatriya or Krishnatreeya,
Kundina Gowtama,Kutsa, Kutsasa
Lakhi, Lohit, Lohita-Kowsika, Lomasha,
Mandavya, Marichi, Markandeya, Mauna Bhargava, Matanga, Maudgalya Moudgalya,
Mudgala (Maudgalya, Moudgil, Modgil, Mudgal), Mudgal
Naidhruva, Nithunthana/Naithunthasa, Nydravakashyapa, Nrisimhadevara,
Parashara, Parthivasa, Pouragutsya, Ratheetarasa, Purang, Pradnya, Pratanansya
Rathitara, Rohinya, Rauksaayana, Roushayadana,
Saminathen, Sanatana, Salankayana, Sangar, Sanaka, Sanaga, Sanjaya, Sankhyayana
Sankrithi(Sankrityayan), Sankyanasa, Sathamarshana, Shandilya , sanas, Sandilyasa, Shandelosya,
Saawarna, Saharia Joshi, Sauparna, Savaran, Savita. Somnasser, Saankritya(Sakarawar),
Soral, Srivatsa, Sumarkanth, Suryadhwaja, Shaktri, Shaunaka, Surya, Swatantra Kabisa, Suparna,
Tugnait * Upamanyu, * Upadhyay, Utsasya,
Vadula, Valmiki, Vardhviyasa, Vardhulasa, Vardhyswasa, Vashishta, Vatsa, Vatsyayan, Veetahavya, Vishnu, Vishnuvardhana, Vishnuvruddha, Viswamitra, Vishvagni, Vartantu, Vishwagni, Vaidya/Baidya,
Yaska
Brahmin communities
Brahmin communities in India are traditionally divided into two regional groups: Pancha-Gauda Brahmins and Pancha-Dravida Brahmins according to the following shloka found in the Rajatarangini of Kalhana (12th century):
कर्णाटकाश्च तैलंगा द्राविडा महाराष्ट्रकाः ।
गुर्जराश्चेति पञ्चैव द्राविडा विन्ध्यदक्षिणे ॥
सारस्वताः कान्यकुब्जा गौडा उत्कलमैथिलाः ।
पन्चगौडा इति ख्याता विन्ध्स्योत्तरवासिनः ॥
कर्णाटकाश्च तैलंगा द्राविडा महाराष्ट्रकाः ।
गुर्जराश्चेति पञ्चैव द्राविडा विन्ध्यदक्षिणे ॥
सारस्वताः कान्यकुब्जा गौडा उत्कलमैथिलाः ।
पन्चगौडा इति ख्याता विन्ध्स्योत्तरवासिनः ॥
"The Karnatakas, Tailangas, Dravidas, Maharashtrakas and Gurjaras; these five (-types who- ) live south of Vindhya (- mountains) are (called-) "Dravida" (- brahmins); (whereas-) Saraswatas, Kanyakubjas, Gaudas, Utkalas, and Maithilas, who live north of Vindhya (- mountains) are known as "five Gauda" (- brahmins)."
The shloka only identifies the caste-system present on the basis of their regional presence. The classification of Brahmins, the highest varna, on the basis of Region is debatable (compare the Brahmin gotra system).
Pancha-Gauda
Main article: Pancha-Gauda
Those from Uttarapatha (Aryavarta) (northern and eastern India.)
Approximately ordered according to geographical regions, from West to East
Saraswat
Kashmiri Pandits
Mohyal Brahmins
Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins
Gouda Saraswat Brahmins
Punjabi Saraswat Brahmins
Rajasthan Saraswat Brahmins
Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin
Nasarpuri Sindh Saraswat Brahmin
Brahmbhatt Brahmin
Kanyakubja
Kanyakubja Brahmins
Saryupareen Brahmins
Gauda
Khandelwal Brahmin
Kota Brahmin
Dadhich Brahmin
Gaur Brahmin
Sanadhya Brahmin
Shri Gaur Malviya Brahmin
Sanskrit gauḍa is a vrddhi derivation of guḍa, literally "sugar molass", but also the name of a tribe of the Madhyadesha. A school of thought believes that Gauda is sometimes taken to mean the Gaur region of Bengal. However the original meaning of the term coincides with region termed as Brahmakshetra:
ब्रह्मक्षेत्रं गुडारण्यं मत्स्यपाञ्चालमाथुराः
एष ब्रह्मर्षि देशो वै ब्रह्मावर्त समम्बरम् ॥
ब्रह्मक्षेत्रं कुरुक्षेत्रं ब्रह्मदेशः प्रकथ्यते
आदिगौदर्षिदेशान्तं हर्यारण्यमिहोच्यते ॥
Bengali Brahmins
Utkal(Orissa) Utkala Brahmins
Maithil Brahmin (Mithila) Maithil Brahmins
Pancha-Dravida (Five Southern)
Those from Dakshinapatha (South India, including Gujarat and Maharashtra).
Gujarat
Trivedi Mewada Brahmin ,Migrated from Mewad, Rajasthan during time of Great King Rana pratap to Gujarat some 434 years ago. i.e 1576 to 1590 (Since battle of Haldighati was happened during June, 1576). But prior to that only as a precautionary steps King Ranasinh Pratap has requested Brahmin Community to migrate to safe place (being Akbar was Muslim emperor and may take wrong steps on Brahmin Community, since Brahmin were doing all Prayers for GOD in those days). But King Ranasinh Pratap requested that you should be continue worshiping Eklanji Mahadev only. Which is still continued by all Mewada Brahaman Community.
As per some articles (source: Book in Gujarati -"Dabo Melyo Mewad") it is understood that during 1280 under the leadership of Mr. Mahanand Trivedi 999 Brahmin shifted from Mewad towards Gujarat and near Tahsil: Bhiloda there is a Village called "Narsoli" they established Eklingji Shivalay. This migration is due to contineous Muslim attacks on Mewad and harassing Brahmin community specifically. In the same book it is referred that during 1303 Allhuddin Khilji has killed 640,000 brahim male members and thrown their scared thread (Janoi / Ugnopavit / Upnayan / Janva) in 1600 litters of blood. As per some views there were 10,000 brahmins and blood sheds were abouts 30 litters. To avoid these mass killings Brahmin community migrated towards Gujarat.
Also you get website like http://www.brahmsamaj.org
Rajgor Brahmin
Bhatt Mewada Brahmin ,Migrated from Mewad, Rajasthan during time of Great King Rana pratap to Gujarat some 250 years ago. i.e 1750 to 1760
Chauriyasi Mewada Brahmin from south Gujarat, Migrated from Chittod, Rajasthan some 800 years ago to Dharampur near Valsad. i.e. 1158 AD to 1168 AD
Saurashtra Trivedi Mewad Brahmin
Saurashtra Bhatt Mewada Brahmin
Pushkarna Brahmin
Nagar Brahmin
Khedaval Brahmin
Audich Brahmin
Modh Brahmin
Bardai Brahmin
Girinarayan Brahmin
Shrimali Brahman
Anavil Brahmin
Sidhra-Rudhra Brahmin
Sree gauda Brahmin
Rajgor Brahmin Basically comes from Rajeshtan
Prashnora Brahmin
Kanaujiya or Kanyakumbj Brahmin migrated from kanoj,entered in kutch via sindh along with lohanas have surname Bhatt in kutch,divided as bhuvdiyas,vondhiyas,sandhliyas according to their village temple.others in Gujarat mainly found in jamnagar,morbi,junaghath and rajkot.surnames like Bhatt,Kaileyas,bhaglani,pingal,lakhlani,ghediya etc are common.
Maharashtra
Deshastha Brahmin
Chitpavan Brahmin (Konkanastha)
Karhade Brahmin
Devrukhe Brahmin
Karnataka
Kannada Brahmins
Babbur Kamme Brahmins
Badaganadu Brahmins
Deshastha Brahmin
Havyaka Brahmin
Hasan Iyengars
Hebbar Iyengars
Hoysala Karnataka Brahmins
Karhade Brahmin
Koota Brahmins
Madhva Brahmins
Mandyam Iyengars
Mysore Iyengars
Niyogi Brahmins
Panchagrama Brahmin
Sankethi Brahmins
Shukla Yajurveda Brahmins
Smartha Brahmins
Srivaishnava Brahmins
Sthanika Brahmins
Ulucha Kamme Brahmins
Mysore Iyers
Ashtagrama iyers
Mulukanadu Brahmins
Tuluva Brahmins
Kandavara Brahmins
Karhade Brahmins
Maratha Brahmins
Padia Brahmins
Saklapuri Brahmins
Shivalli Brahmins
Smartha Shivalli Brahmins
Sthanika Brahmins
Andhra Pradesh
Telugu Brahmins
Niyogi Brahmins
Vaidiki Brahmins
Tamil Nadu
Iyengars (sub-divided into Vadakalai and Thenkalai)
Iyers (sub-divided further into Vadama, Vathima, Brahacharanam, Ashtasahasram, Gurukkal, Dikshitar, Kaniyalar, Prathamasaki, dravida brahmins)
Kerala
Namboothiri Brahmins
Kerala Iyers
Embranthiris
Pushpaka Brahmins (Ambalavasis}
Sharada Brahmins
Nagariks or the Brahmin migrants from north India
List of sub-castes
Some of the existing sub-castes from Panch-Gaur group of Brahmins are:
Assamese Brahmins
Brahmbhatt Brahmin
Bengali Brahmins
Bhargav Brahmins
Dadhich Brahmins
Dube Brahmins
Gaur BrahminsMainly Adi Gaur brahman which includes Gaur,Tyagi,Pachauri,Gautam etc mainly residing in Haryana,West Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
Gautam Brahmins
Jangid Brahmins
Kashmiri Pandits
Khandelwal Brahmins
Khedaval Brahmins
Mohyal Brahmins
Kanyakubja Brahmins
Kota Brahmins
Kulin Brahmins
Maithili Brahmins
Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins
Sanadhya Brahmins
Saraswat Brahmins
Saryupareen Brahmins
Shakdwipi Brahmins
Shrimali Brahmins
Suryadhwaja Brahmins
Tyagi Brahmins
Some of the existing sub-castes from Panch-Dravida group of Brahmins are:
Bardai Brahmins
Chitpavan Brahmins (Konkanasth)
Daivajna Brahmin
Dhima Brahmins
Deshastha Brahmin
Gouda Saraswat Brahmins
Havyaka Brahmin
Hoysala Karnataka Brahmins
Iyers, Iyengar (Vadakalai Thenkalai )
Kandavara Brahmins
Kannada Brahmins
Karhade Brahmins
Koota Brahmins
Koteshwara Brahmins
Nagar Brahmins
Padia Brahmins
Pushpaka Brahmins (Ambalavasi Brahmins)
Saklapuri Brahmins
Sankethi Brahmins
Shivalli Brahmins
Sthanika Brahmins
Telugu Brahmins (Vaidiki, Niyogi)
Tuluva Brahmins
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